Vast depletion of PMN-MDSCs was observed in the blood, liver, and tumor tissues after antibody injection (Fig. 4c), and the PIWIL1-induced increased growth of HCC tumors was found partially attenuated (Fig. 4d), and the end-point tumor size was suppressed (Fig. 4e), suggesting a revoking immune system upon MDSCs depletion may counteract, at least partially, the tumor-promoting effect of PIWIL1 in HCC. Here, PIWIL1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.