GFAP and brain injury: Recently, serum levels of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), two brain-specific proteins, were found to be elevated in patients with intracranial lesions visible on CT scans.10 11 Data from the Evaluation of Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury (ALERT-TBI) trial showed that serum GFAP and UCH-L1 protein concentrations are able to reliably predict the absence of clinically relevant lesions on CT scan in patients with mTBI.12 The Banyan Brain Trauma Indicator (Banyan BTI Package Insert) has obtained FDA-clearance in February 2018.