A group of IVT mRNA-based immunotherapies investigated in clinical trials are mRNAs encoding immunostimulants (Table 1, e.g. IL-12, IL32, OX40L, CD40L, CD70, etc.), which are injected intratumorally or intranodally to modify the suppressive tumor microenvironment. This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF4 and neoplasm.