Altogether, these studies indicate that LIF acts as: (1) an autocrine factor secreted by CAFs and able to self-stimulate regardless of TGF-β; (2) a paracrine stimulator of ECM remodelling, recruitment of TME components and pancreatic cancer cells growth (Albrengues et al. 2014; Bressy et al. 2018; Fu et al. 2018; Ligorio et al. 2019; Sada et al. 2016). This evidence concerns the gene LIF and pancreatic neoplasm.