MAPK1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Activation of the receptor for AGEs or RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products) is associated with the development of DN [42], which evokes oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in renal tissues, ending up in losses in kidney function by activating various intracellular signalings like PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, and TGF-β/Smad [43–45].