SCr: serum creatine, AKI: acute kidney injury, CKD: chronic kidney disease, ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, A-fib: atrial fibrillation, CIN: contrast-induced nephropathy, RCT: randomized controlled trial. Here, ACE is linked to chronic kidney disease.