The following mechanisms have been confirmed: activation of proto-oncogenes, such as N-ras and HBVx (Cheng et al., 2014; Kudo, 2011); inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes, such as p53, Rb, p21 and PTEN (Sandra & Jean-Charles, 2020; Maheshkumar et al., 2019); abnormal activation of multiple molecular signaling pathways; and the expression of HCC-associated proteins. Here, TP53 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.