Although the literature suggested RT augments anti-tumor immunity, published studies also showed that it can promote the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) including tumor PD-L1 expression, increased immunosuppressive myeloid phenotypes [myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), tumor associated neutrophils] and T regulatory cells (T reg), which are anticipated to dampen CD8+ T cell response and clinical efficacy16–19. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.