TNF and neoplasm: Furthermore, the key FDY2004-targeted oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways implicated in LC development and progression were the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Ras, focal adhesion, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathways.