INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Nevertheless, increasing evidences have showed that various microRNAs (miRNA) involved in regulating the main protein cascades in the insulin signaling pathways that affect insulin resistance, and therefore, the pathogenesis of T2DM, such as let-7f with insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), let-7a with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), miR-133a with glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and miR-27a with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (3–6).