TLR4 and Stroke: To further observe DADLE's effect on upstream inflammatory signaling in the brain of stroke models, we further examined the levels of TLR4 and the most classic transcription factor of NF-κB. Few TLR4-immunopositive cells were found in the ischemic penumbra in sham-operated rats at 24 hours after reperfusion (Figure 6(a)), while the cells were obviously augmented in rats exposed to I/R treated with ACSF (Figure 6(b)).