RING1 and infection: Lee et al (2011) found that the pepper E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 gene, CaRING1, was required for cell death and the SA-dependent defence response in pepper, and overexpression of CaRING1 in Arabidopsis confers enhanced resistance to hemibiotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato and biotrophic Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis infections [61].