Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) methods, it has been shown that proinflammatory macrophages expressing IL6, IL1B, and TNF and CD8+ T cells with a tissue-resident cytotoxic signature are present in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and upper respiratory tract of patients with COVID-19 (12, 13). Here, IL1B is linked to COVID-19.