ICAnet also discovered other well-known AML molecular markers in the NPM1 module, such as FLT3, RUNX1 and RUNX1T1. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on the curated gene set (see ‘Materials and Methods’ section) revealed that these NPM1+-like cells were enriched with AML risk-associated genes and leukemic stem cell marker genes (Supplementary Figure S11E). Here, NPM1 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.