VEGFA and neoplasm: Such mediators include growth factors and cytokines that support tumor cell proliferation; NF-κB-mediated factors that protect against apoptosis (for example, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-C motif chemokine (CCL)2, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)8, and CXCL10);35,51 pro-angiogenic growth factors, such as VEGF, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-β and fibroblast growth factor (FGF);59–61 and other factors that modulate tissue architecture and favor tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis.39,62–65