GSEA of hallmark gene sets revealed prominent representation of immune response gene sets in the in vitro DGC models and DGC-high GBM, including the interferon α/γ response, TNF α/NF-κB signaling, inflammatory response, interleukin-2 (IL-2)/STAT5 signaling, and IL-6/STAT3 signaling (Fig. 3a, b, Additional file 1: S3a). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and glioblastoma.