To verify the regulation of E2F3, we examined the expression of genes downstream of E2F3, including N-cadherin, PCNA and Bcl-2, in A498 and ACHN cells and found that the expression levels of these genes changed consistently with the E2F3 levels in ccRCC (Figs. 6i and S3b). This evidence concerns the gene PCNA and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.