E2F3 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: To verify the regulation of E2F3, we examined the expression of genes downstream of E2F3, including N-cadherin, PCNA and Bcl-2, in A498 and ACHN cells and found that the expression levels of these genes changed consistently with the E2F3 levels in ccRCC (Figs. 6i and S3b).