Infection with L. panamensis also seemed to modulate the expression of several chemokines related to the TNF pathway, including the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1/CCL2 (Ccl2), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)-1α/CCL3 (Ccl3) and -1β/CCL4 (Ccl4), CCL12 (Ccl12), CXCL1 (Cxcl1), CXCL2 (Cxcl2), the interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10/CXCL10 (Cxcl10), CXCL5 (Cxcl5) and the RANTES protein/CCL5 (Ccl5). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and infection.