A numbers of excellent studies have shown that the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways play vital roles in tumor regression and are in turn regulated by the PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and AMPK pathways.81,82 It has been shown that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its metabolites could prevent cytokine-induced apoptosis in human or mouse intestinal epithelial cells by down-regulating the activation of p38 MAPK and up-regulating the PI3K/Akt cascade.42 Both live and dead cells of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Here, AKT1 is linked to neoplasm.