IFNB1 and infection: ,35 To investigate the impact of VSe plus NDV combination therapy on IFN-β expression, B16-F10 cells were treated with 50 μM of vanadyl sulfate, 0.390 μM of VSe 1-28, NDV (MOI of 0.01), or a combination of NDV plus vanadyl sulfate or VSe 1-28, and the amount of IFN-β produced at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h post-infection was quantified using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).