TNF and cancer: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) are two well-known TFs required for the cytokine-induced expression of FSCN1 in human cancer cells.140, 141, 142, 143, 144 FSCN1 expression is induced by a variety of cytokines, such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and oncostatin M (OSM).