TGFB1 and cancer: Some of these pathways, such as the TGFβ pathway, may play either a tumor suppressive or tumor promoting role in cancer, depending on cellular context (Alinger et al., 2009; Katoh and Katoh, 2009; Massagué, 2012; Sundqvist et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2015; Aster et al., 2017).