MTOR and Autoimmunity: It has been reported that kinases play important roles in regulating Treg functions including serine/threonine mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (115), phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PI3K δ) (116), PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade (117), AMPK (118), non-receptor tyrosine kinase IL-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) (119), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (120), STAT5B (121), and NF-kB (101), etc. Also, reduced expression of phosphatase PTPN2 promotes pathogenic conversion of Tregs in autoimmunity (122).