TNF and Sepsis: The therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs also has been proven in various animal models of organ and tissue injury including immune-related conditions i.e. graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), autoimmune diseases, sepsis etc. Adipose derived MSC-EVs infusion in a rat model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation lowered the levels of inflammatory mediators: IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-9, NF-κB in lungs and kidneys of experimental animals (195).