Compared with non-GVHD patients after HSCT and healthy donor controls, TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling-related genes including TLR4, NF-κB, IL-6 and intercellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) were significantly increased in patients with cutaneous cGVHD (14). Here, TLR4 is linked to graft versus host disease.