CD28 and atherosclerosis: Vignali et al. (2008) reported that CD80/86 dendritic cells play roles in the co-stimulation of Th1 cells. The proatherogenic role of Th1 cells has been clearly evidenced in a large body of animal experimental studies (Saigusa et al., 2020). T-cell and CD28-CD80/86 co-stimulation plays a vital role in both plaque formation and atherosclerosis development (Zirlik and Lutgens, 2015).