NTPDase1/CD39 and NT5E/CD73 may also affect antibacterial response by modulating Treg activity (Vieyra-Lobato et al., 2018; Alam et al., 2020), while NTPDase1/CD39 is upregulated on both CD4+ and CD8+ Teff cells at sites of acute inflammation thus attenuating responses to bacterial infections (Raczkowski et al., 2018). Here, NT5E is linked to bacterial infectious disease.