Further, in vitro infection of human type II alveolar epithelial cells maintained at an air-liquid interface led to productive virus replication and significant upregulation of CXCL10 and CXCL11, as well as CXCL8 and the Th1 cell-directed chemokine CCL5 (Qian et al., 2013). Here, CCL5 is linked to infection.