Furthermore, Nonaka et al. found that sarkosyl-insoluble TDP-43 extracted from ALS or frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) brains induces TDP-43 aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells, and these cells subsequently formed ubiquitinated, phosphorylated, insoluble cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions in a self-templating manner, thus demonstrated seeded aggregation of TDP-43 13. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.