A large number of M1 macrophages with proinflammatory characteristics are rapidly recruited to cardiac tissues, and M1 macrophages stimulate myocardial fibrosis by inducing the production of TGF-β1, while TGF-β1 stimulates Smad3 signaling, induces the production of collagen and MMP, and releases extracellular matrix from cardiac fibroblasts to promote tissue fibrosis and myocardial remodeling144. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Myocardial fibrosis.