Surprisingly, there has not been any study evaluating combinational therapy of G-CSF and therapeutic hypothermia (TH), as other modalities have been tried and underwent and/or are undergoing clinical trials in neonatal HIE, such as with epo and TH [120–122], xenon and TH [51, 123, 124], melatonin and TH [46, 47], and allopurinol and TH [125]. Here, CSF3 is linked to perinatal asphyxia.