CSF3 and neurodegenerative disease: Extensive studies in both in vivo and ex vivo have shown the neuroprotective effect of G-CSF in neurodegenerative diseases (Table1) such as Parkinson’s disease [53, 54], Alzheimer’s disease [55], and stroke [56–58], and clinical trials are ongoing to determine its efficacy and safety in these neurological diseases [59, 60].