ACE and heart failure: The following parameters found to be associated with the development of AKI in univariate analysis were put into the model created to determine the independent factors associated with the development of AKI: age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, presence of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, or presence of heart failure, preexisting CKD, use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blocker use, clinical severity of the disease at the presentation, albumin, hemoglobin, and degree of CRP.