TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Of note, ileal ACE2 mRNA levels significantly increased in patients with CD upon resolution of inflammation after successful treatment with the TNF blocker infliximab.49 This was in line with a modulation of ACE2 mRNA expression in inflamed colonic tissue of UC and CD patients, in which TNF-blocker treated patients revealed a significant upregulation of ACE2 expression when compared to non-medicated IBD groups.50 Taken together, these mentioned data demonstrate that both ACE2 and TRPMSS2 are dynamically regulated in a location-dependent manner in IBD.