GDF15 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Yingyan et al [17] studied the expression of MIC-1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis and found that the serum MIC-1 level was significantly increased in patients with chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis, and the expression of MIC-1 in the liver tissues of patients with cirrhosis was significantly higher than that of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Si et al [29]showed that MIC-1 promotes HCV replication by altering the signal transduction and growth of host hepatocytes and is closely related to HCV-induced primary liver cancer.