Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) exhibit increased autophagic flux, as compared to their respective normal phenotypes, in part as a consequence of local hypoxia-associated ROS production by malignant cells, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling and, extracellular matrix remodeling (29). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.