VSIR and central nervous system cancer: In our study, IgSF11 protein was demonstrated to be expressed on tumor samples of all grades and also on tumor-associated inflammatory cells (in 5 out of 30 cases), which suggests that IgSf11 may play a double role, as a receptor, on tumor microenvironment-infiltrating inflammatory cells, and as a ligand, on glioma cells, in order to enhance the immuno-suppressive action upon its interaction with VISTA, which has been shown previously by Ghouzlani et al.