Exacerbation of mucosal damage by HFDs, particularly saturated fats (e.g., palm oil), is also reported in murine spontaneous ileitis (Mdr1a-/-) (80, 81), and colitis (e.g., Muc2-/-, TNFare; defective translational control of TNF mRNA) (72). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.