In particular, altered TNFα/TNFR1 signalling associated with increased pro-inflammatory responses is involved in the pathogenesis of TNFR-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS, OMIM 142680), a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent attacks of fever, abdominal pain, arthritis, and cutaneous manifestations16,17. The gene discussed is TNFRSF1A; the disease is TNF receptor 1-associated periodic fever syndrome.