In addition, DBL3-specific IgG mid pregnancy from pregnant women with non-placental malaria at delivery induced significantly higher IFNγ and TNFα production (Fig. 3e,f, IFNγ: p-value = 0.0322, TNFα: p-value = 0.0184) compared to IgG from non-pregnant malaria-naïve healthy individuals. Here, TNF is linked to malaria.