Relative to IgG from non-pregnant malaria-naïve healthy individuals, IgG from pregnant women with placental malaria were associated with significantly higher NK cell degranulation (CD107a upregulation; Fig. 3a, p-value = 0.0342) in response to DBL2 and TNFα production (Fig. 3f, p-value = 0.0077) in response to DBL3 antigen. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and malaria.