TNF and malaria: Here, we investigate the ability of IgG Abs of pregnant women from a malaria-endemic area specific to DBL2 and DBL3 (both VAR2CSA domains) to activate human primary NK cells from malaria-naïve donors to secrete IFNγ and TNFα cytokines, and upregulate CD107a expression, which is a surrogate for granzyme B degranulation and ADCC activity56.