Compared with age-matched controls, 11 patients with schizophrenia having both positive and negative symptoms, including withdrawn, depressed, passive, or inactive characteristics, exhibited robust low Hrh1 mRNA expression in the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive cholinergic neurons rather than ChAT negative cells, in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) area of BF (Fig. 1a–c). This evidence concerns the gene HRH1 and schizophrenia.