Finally, we propose that the repurposing and clinical translation of the R-(+) enantiomer would spare patients from many of the common side effects associated with racemic propranolol acting at β-ARs in the heart, airways and other locations (e.g. negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, bronchospasm, changes in glucose and lipid metabolism), while maintaining its therapeutic benefit in cancer chemotherapy. Here, CTBP1 is linked to cancer.