Vice versa, mice with an overexpression of catalytic subunits of PP, for example, PP1, PP2A, PP2B, PP2C or PP5, exhibited various degrees of hypertrophy, heart failure and arrhythmias (Molkentin et al., 1998; Gergs et al., 2004; Brüchert et al., 2008; Gergs et al., 2012) but exhibited increased stress resistance under certain experimental conditions (Morita et al., 2001; Hoehn et al., 2015; Neumann et al., 2019). Here, PTPA is linked to heart failure.