Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in ESA-treated patients is associated with supraphysiologic EPO dosing and plasma EPO levels (Vaziri and Zhou, 2009; McCullough et al., 2013), HIF-PH inhibitor therapy therefore has the potential to improve cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients (Sanghani and Haase, 2019). This evidence concerns the gene EPO and chronic kidney disease.