AIF1 and Parkinson disease: The PD rats pretreated with a challenge with LPS showed an increase of Iba1+ and GFAP+ cells in the lesioned striatum as compared to the PD+saline+L-dopa group after the last L-dopa treatment, (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. PD+saline+L-dopa, Figures 3A,B, n = 4/group).