This was confirmed by ELISA, with increased GM-CSF in the supernatants of HIV-exposed BC vs untreated (9 vs 45 pg/ml; p < 0.01; Fig. 5A) and vs heat-inactivated HIV (8.4 vs 45 pg/ml; p < 0.01; Fig. 5A). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is breast cancer.