Within the down-regulated gene set, we note a number of genes that have previously been associated with increased proliferation in prostate cancer; these include kallikrein 2 (KLK2), long non-coding RNA prostate cancer associated transcript 1 (PCAT1), Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 (VAV3) [69, 77–84] (Fig. 2h–j). Here, VAV3 is linked to Familial prostate cancer.