CEACAM5 and cancer: According to the 1-SE criteria, we selected λ = 0.044 as the optimal value for the model, which included 11 potential predictors (age, previous cancer history, diameter, spiculation, calcification, pleural stretch, VC, FEV1, DLCO1, CEA, and NSE) with non-zero coefficients from the 63 candidate variables identified in the training cohort.