Risk score = − 1.137 + (0.036*age) + (0.380*previous cancer history) + (0.195*diameter) + (0.016* spiculation) − (0.290*calcification) + (0.026*pleural stretch) − (0.168*VC) − (0.236*FEV1) + (0.052*DLCO1) + (0.018*CEA) + (0.004*NSE). Here, CEACAM5 is linked to cancer.