The pancreas was isolated from Ptf1aCre-ERTM-tdTomato mice and cultured with a colitis-associated inflammatory stimulant (i.e., interleukin [IL]-6 or TNF), bacterial endotoxin (i.e., E. coli lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), or a GP2-inducing cytokine for M cells (i.e., receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand: RANKL) (Fig. 3d)14,42,43. This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF11 and colitis.