Feasibility and safety of checkpoint blockade prior to surgery have been demonstrated clinically in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder10, resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) independent of PD-L1 expression11, stage III/IV melanoma12,13, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)14–16. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is glioblastoma.