HLF and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: To test this hypothesis, we monitored various hallmarks of fibrosis in Ctrl and IPF hLF, such as expression of fibrotic markers by qRT-PCR (Fig. 9g), levels of ECM proteins by Hydroxyproline and Sircol assays (Fig. 9h, top and Supplementary 10c), cell proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay (Fig. 9h, middle) and cell migration by Transwell invasion assay followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (Fig. 9h, bottom).